Multiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships

Multiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships LaShon Thomas POL 215 September 18, 2014 Dr. David Waldman Multiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships The founding fathers created the constitution, outlaying the branches of government and clarifying their roles and responsibilities, providing a checks and balances system. It is comprised of three branches, the Executive Branch, the Legislative Branch, and the Judicial Branch. Each state, city and county has its own constitution that outlines the levels of local government. In the beginning, the idea was to create a government that could efficiently establish laws and enforce them, but also ensure that no one person or one group of people could not possess†¦show more content†¦Disadvantages of intergovernmental Relationships Conversely, there are disadvantages to multiple government relationships. This relationship can sometimes bring about conflict of authority and confusion regarding which regulations to follow. For example, the move toward legalizing marijuana, while marijuana is illegal to the federal government, each state can vote and implement its own policy reg arding legalizing it from the local level. This creates a gray area due to the fact that people living in these states can be prosecuted federally for the distribution and use of marijuana despite the fact that it is legal in their state. Secondly, the interdependent boundaries and relationships between federal and state governments, can lead to passing the buck or lack of accountability in regard to handling the country’s affairs. Hurricane Katrina was a prime example of how this relationship can be a failure to the people. During this trying time, the citizens of New Orleans were made to suffer behind the bickering of the federal and local agencies playing the blame game, while failing to come up with a solution to the problems and admitting that there was a failure in policy to handle such devastation. Lastly, federalism may encourage regionalism, creating an uneven spreadShow MoreRelatedMultiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships774 Words   |  4 Pag esMultiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships Marlin P. McFate POL 215 July 1, 2013 Rochelle Allen Multiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships To be successful as a unified or United States, meaning a group with the same but often times different agendas, a few things had to become true. First the individual governments of these states had to feel that their best interests were represented within the united whole. Second that their powers within their borders wouldRead MoreMulti Organizational And Inter Sector Coordination920 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract: Coordination is when all or multiple agencies interact to achieve a common goal. The value of agencies coordinating is key to overcome disasters more effectively. The main purpose of multi-organizational, intergovernmental, and inter-sector coordination is to get better relationships between agencies and to use resources wisely. The key for coordination to be achieved is when all agencies or organizations have pre-disaster ties, share accurate information in a timely manner, and work togetherRead MoreFederalism And Cities From The Middle Of The Twentieth Century1291 Wor ds   |  6 PagesFrom the middle of the twentieth century till the 1980 s the federal government gave a substantial amount of money to local governments to use on local programs with few to no restrictions. However, starting in the mid-eighties this changed. The federal government began giving less money with more demands. During the Reagan administration the amount of funding was cut using the justification of shrinking a bloated federal government. This continued through George H.W. Bush. Bill Clinton and GeorgeRead MoreThe Concept Of Federal-Level Inducements And Constraints1280 Words   |  6 Pagescan impact implementation behavior of the states. The mix of these characteristics affect what happens in the implementation process. State- and Local-Level Inducements and Constraints This component is focused on the subnational context of intergovernmental policy implementation. The authors argue that state’s implementation is impacted by context. Specifically, this context is the inducements and constraints in communities that aggregate to the state-level. The subnational context’s importanceRead MoreEssay about Human Caused Global Warming1277 Words   |  6 Pages At first thought the essay topic global warming, seemed simple. 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Intergovernmental relations describe interactions between federal, state, and local governments includingRead MoreFederalism Creates Both Advantages and Disadvantages for Business.1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe growing rate of poverty in most regions; the systemic graft and corruption in government; the strident cry for cultural recognition; and the instability of political systems are just some of the troubles the country is beset and endured. With these lots of problems, federalism is viewed by many as the only hope for a country. It has grown in popularity over the past century, which is largely due to i ts particular successes throughout the world. However, federalism is not without any defect. 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However, the application of public administration government bureaucracies differs from levels and as well in education, which also has an unique format. However, public administration distinguish itself from private administration throughRead MoreHuman Trafficking Within Cambodia A Problem1703 Words   |  7 Pageswell as internal trafficking, impose danger to the civilization and require attention form the government (Sum, p.101). According to the United Nations Inter-Agency project on human trafficking (UNIAP), human trafficking is an answer to solve the issue of poverty in Cambodia. This, in turn, influences the entire nation in a destructive way. There are many non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental organizations that have been trying to stop human trafficking, but are they effective? Human Multiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships Multiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships Marlin P. McFate POL 215 July 1, 2013 Rochelle Allen Multiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships To be successful as a unified or United States, meaning a group with the same but often times different agendas, a few things had to become true. First the individual governments of these states had to feel that their best interests were represented within the united whole. Second that their powers within their borders would not be encroached upon too much, and lastly that the benefits of an overarching federal government would outweigh any loss they experienced. This is a delicate cooperation that we will explore more in depth hurricane Katrina as an example.†¦show more content†¦There should be a contingency plan for anything no matter how possible. For example, the space shuttle had no less than 100 emergency landing sites throughout the world. This contingency plan did not have one plan with a backup plan it had a contingency plan and each contingency plan had another. No possible eventuality should ever be foolish ly ruled out. The contingency plan for the hurricane should of included supplies, personnel, and equipment stationed inside the hurricane zone, in case there was difficulty getting into the area, which it was. Agencies such as FEMA, should have moved resources in, and protected them for the storm as opposed to station it on the outside of the area, and expecting an ability to move it in. Stationing the supplies and help outside the area shows that our government was hoping for a best-case scenario when they should have planned for the worst. Reference Hurricane Katrina. (2013). Retrieved fromShow MoreRelatedMultiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships1454 Words   |  6 PagesMultiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships LaShon Thomas POL 215 September 18, 2014 Dr. David Waldman Multiple Governments and Intergovernmental Relationships The founding fathers created the constitution, outlaying the branches of government and clarifying their roles and responsibilities, providing a checks and balances system. It is comprised of three branches, the Executive Branch, the Legislative Branch, and the Judicial Branch. Each state, city and county has its ownRead MoreMulti Organizational And Inter Sector Coordination920 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract: Coordination is when all or multiple agencies interact to achieve a common goal. The value of agencies coordinating is key to overcome disasters more effectively. 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Bill Clinton and GeorgeRead MoreThe Concept Of Federal-Level Inducements And Constraints1280 Words   |  6 Pagescan impact implementation behavior of the states. The mix of these characteristics affect what happens in the implementation process. State- and Local-Level Inducements and Constraints This component is focused on the subnational context of intergovernmental policy implementation. The authors argue that state’s implementation is impacted by context. Specifically, this context is the inducements and constraints in communities that aggregate to the state-level. The subnational context’s importanceRead MoreEssay about Human Caused Global Warming1277 Words   |  6 Pages At first thought the essay topic global warming, seemed simple. 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Intergovernmental relations describe interactions between federal, state, and local governments includingRead MoreFederalism Creates Both Advantages and Disadvantages for Business.1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe growing rate of poverty in most regions; the systemic graft and corruption in government; the strident cry for cultural recognition; and the instability of political systems are just some of the troubles the country is beset and endured. With these lots of problems, federalism is viewed by many as the only hope for a country. It has grown in popularity over the past century, which is largely due to i ts particular successes throughout the world. However, federalism is not without any defect. ThisRead MoreWhat the U.S. Government Shut Down Teaches Us About Organizational Corruption976 Words   |  4 PagesWhat the U.S. Government Shut Down Teaches us about Organizational Corruption Brian Pinkowski Posted with images on How to Fight Corruption http://brianpinkowski.wordpress.com/2013/10/14/what-the-u-s-government-shutdown-teaches-us-about-organizational-corruption/ The 2013 U.S. Government shut down demonstrates the powerful and destructive effects of conflicts of interest on groups, nations, and the global community. Notwithstanding press releases to the contrary, it is fairly clear thatRead MorePublic Administration : The Creation And Enforcement Of Public Policy993 Words   |  4 Pagesof those who contributed to Public Administration the focus of most significant philanthropists are Woodrow Wilson, Frederick Taylor, and Max Weber. Bureaucracy is part of the government s administration that reaches every level of the United States Government. However, the application of public administration government bureaucracies differs from levels and as well in education, which also has an unique format. However, public administration distinguish itself from private administration throughRead MoreHuman Trafficking Within Cambodia A Problem1703 Words   |  7 Pageswell as internal trafficking, impose danger to the civilization and require attention form the government (Sum, p.101). According to the United Nations Inter-Agency project on human trafficking (UNIAP), human trafficking is an answer to solve the issue of poverty in Cambodia. This, in turn, influences the entire nation in a destructive way. There are many non-governmental organizations and intergovernmental organizations that have been trying to stop human trafficking, but are they effective? Human

Lau v. Nichols The Case and Its Impact

Lau v. Nichols (1974) was a Supreme Court case that  examined whether federally funded schools must offer supplementary English language courses to non-English-speaking students. The case centered on the San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD)s 1971 decision  not  to provide 1,800 non-English-speaking students with a way to improve their English proficiency, despite the fact that all public school classes were taught in English. The Supreme Court ruled that refusing to provide non-English-speaking students with supplemental language courses violated the California Education Code and Section 601 of ​the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The unanimous decision pushed public schools to develop plans to increase the linguistic skills of students for whom English was a second language.​ Fast Facts: Lau v. Nichols Case Argued: December 10, 1973Decision Issued:  January 21, 1974Petitioner: Kinney Kinmon Lau, et alRespondent: Alan H. Nichols, et alKey Question: Is a school district in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment or the Civil Rights Act of 1964 if it fails to provide non-English speaking students with supplemental English language classes and teaches in English only?Unanimous Decision: Justices Burger, Douglas, Brennan, Stewart, White, Marshall, Blackmun, Powell, and RehnquistRuling: Failure to provide supplemental English language instruction to students who spoke no English constituted a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act because it deprived those students of an opportunity to participate public education. Facts of the Case In 1971, a federal decree integrated the San Francisco Unified School District. As a result, the district became responsible for the education of over 2,800 non-English-speaking students of Chinese ancestry.  Ã‚   All classes  were taught in English in accordance  with the district handbook.  The school system provided supplemental materials to improve English language proficiency to approximately one thousand of the non-English-speaking students, but failed to provide any additional instruction or materials to  the remaining 1,800 students. Lau, along with other students, filed a class action suit against the district, arguing that the lack of supplemental materials violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits programs that receive  federal assistance from discriminating based on race, color or national origin. Constitutional Issues Under the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, is a school district required to provide supplemental English language materials for students whose primary language is not English? The Arguments Twenty years before Lau v. Nichols, Brown v. Board of Education (1954) struck down the â€Å"separate but equal† concept for educational facilities and found that keeping students separated by race was inherently unequal under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Lau’s attorneys used this ruling to support their argument. They contended that if the school taught all core requirement classes in English but did not provide supplemental English language courses, it violated the equal protection clause, because it did not afford non-native English speakers the same learning opportunities as native speakers. Lau’s attorneys also relied on Section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to show that programs receiving federal funding could not discriminate based on race, color or national origin. Failing to provide supplemental courses to help students of Chinese ancestry was a form of discrimination, according to Lau’s attorneys. Counsel for SFUSD argued that the lack of supplemental English language courses did not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. They contended that the school had provided Lau and other students of Chinese ancestry with the same materials and instruction as students of other races and ethnicities. Before the case reached the Supreme Court, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals sided with SFUSD because the district proved that they had not caused the deficiency in the English language level of the students. SFUSDs counsel argued that the district should not have to account for the fact that every student starts school with a different educational background and language proficiency. Majority Opinion The Court chose not to address the Fourteenth Amendment claim that the school district’s conduct violated the equal protection clause. Instead, they reached their opinion using the California Education Code in the SFUSD Handbook and Section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1973, the California Education Code required that: Children between the ages of 6 and 16 attend full-time classes taught in English.A student cannot graduate from a grade if they have not achieved English proficiency.Bilingual instruction is permitted as long as it does not interfere with regular English course instruction. Under these guidelines, the Court found that the school could not claim it was giving non-native speakers the same access to education as native speakers. â€Å"Basic English skills are at the very core of what these public schools teach,† the Court opined. â€Å"Imposition of a requirement that, before a child can effectively participate in the educational program, he must already have acquired those basic skills is to make a mockery of public education.† In order to receive federal funding, a school district needs to comply with the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Department of Health, Education,  and Welfare (HEW) regularly issued guidelines to help schools adhere to sections the Civil Rights Act. In 1970, the HEW guidelines mandated that schools â€Å"take affirmative steps† to help students overcome language deficiencies. The Court found that SFUSD had not taken â€Å"affirmative steps† to help those 1,800 students increase  their English language level, thus violating Section 601 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Impact The Lau v. Nichols case ended in a  unanimous decision in favor of bilingual instruction to help non-native English speaking students improve their English language competency. The case eased the transition into education for students whose first language was not English. However, some argue that the Supreme Court left the question unresolved. The Court never specified what steps the school district needed to take in order to decrease English language deficiencies. Under Lau, schools districts must provide some sort of supplemental instruction, but how much and to what end remained up to their discretion. The lack of defined standards resulted in many federal court cases which attempted to further define the schools role in English-as-a-second-language curriculums.   Sources Lau v.  Nichols, U.S. 563 (1974).Mock, Brentin. â€Å"How Schools Continue to Deny Civil Rights Protections for Immigrant Students.†Ã‚  CityLab, 1 July 2015, www.citylab.com/equity/2015/07/how-us-schools-are-failing-immigrant-children/397427/.

The Importance Of Ancient Spartan Militarism - 833 Words

Ancient Spartan militarism led to Sparta being a large military power in Ancient Greece, but the strict restrictions on citizenship led to the decline and destruction of the city-state. The overly strict requirements combined with a string of military defeats led to a weakened state from which the Spartan government could not recover from. This led to Sparta becoming a second rate power in Greece until its destruction at the hands of the Roman imperial army at the battle of Adrianople. Spartan militarism came into being when a man known as Lycurgus the Lawgiver reformed Sparta. During the seventh and eighth centuries BC, Sparta experienced extended periods of lawlessness and civil strife. Lycurgus studied the governments of the†¦show more content†¦When they are in the agoge they are treated horribly, required to go barefoot and underfed. There were three main reasons for under feeding them. One was to get used to going without food so they could go on extended campaigns wit h minimal supplies. Another was to force them to steal to boost their survival skills. The third was to weed out the weak from them so none made it into the military (Cutler). The Spartans also used the boys to terrorize and control the helot, or slave, population (Ancient Military.com). The slave population of Sparta was used to do the day to day activities the Spartan citizens saw as beneath them. They were farmers, servants, nurses, military attendants, and other unskilled workers (History.com). The helot population outnumbered the citizen population significantly. Because of this, the citizen population was allowed to treat the helot population brutally and oppressively. They often got the helots debilitatingly drunk so they made fools of themselves in public (History.com). On the harsher side of things, Spartans could kill the helots for trifle things such as being to athletic or to smart (History.com), and there was an annual holiday where the citizen population declared ritua listic against the helot population, which meant all crimes against them were legal (Ancient Military.com). These measures were put in place to keep the helot population living in fear, and toShow MoreRelatedPlutarch, Lycurgus and Spartan Militarist Values1169 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: PLUTARCH, LYCURGUS AND SPARTAN MILITARISM Plutarch, Lycurgus and Spartan Militarist Values Student Name The University of Southern Queensland APA PLUTARCH, LYCURGUS AND SPARTAN MILITARIST VALUES Militarist systems of government have been instituted in many nations around the world; however one of the earliest and most extreme examples of this system is that of Sparta. The Spartan State was a militaristic force to be reckonedRead MoreThe Life Of Spartan Women2027 Words   |  9 PagesThe lives of Spartan women were unusual in the sense that they were very different from those of other Greek women. In Athens, for instance, women were confined to the domicile and wore clothing that covered and hid their form. In Sparta, this was not the case at all. Sparta enjoyed communal ownership of property and all things, in essence, belonged to the State—men, women, children and goods. Thus, all were equal (or nearly so) before the State’s needs and women had more freedom to move aboutRead MoreEssay about Ancient History: Sparta 98% Assesment Mark6373 Words   |  26 PagesANCIENT HISTORY ASSESMENT: SPARTA By Jorge T What are the main features of Spartan government in the period to 500BC?: HOW SPARTAN CONSTITUTION/GOVERNMENT CAME TO BE: Throughout the Greek world at this time, a great period of expansion and colonization took place, chiefly due to land hunger. Sparta attacked neighboring Messenia and engaged in a series of wars, reducing the population to serfdom. The success in these wars enabled Sparta to double the agricultural resources. At some pointRead MoreEssay on the Role of Women in Ancient Greece14417 Words   |  58 Pagesâ€Å"Rulers ruled by women†: an economic analysis of the rise and fall of women’s rights in ancient Sparta Robert K. Fleck  · F. Andrew Hanssen Received: 10 January 2008 / Accepted: 27 May 2008 / Published online: 20 March 2009  © Springer-Verlag 2009 Abstract Until modern times, most women possessed relatively few formal rights. The women of ancient Sparta were a striking exception. Although they could not vote, Spartan women reportedly owned 40 percent of Sparta’s agricultural land, and enjoyed other

Bankruptcy Prediction Model

Question: Discuss about the Bankruptcy Prediction Model. Answer: Bankruptcy Prediction model is used to determine as to whether any firm is a going concern or not. Under this model predictions are made on various measures of financial distress of a firm. It includes the wide areas of accounting and finance. These predictions play a vital role. This model is considered as most reliable model by the investors and creditors for considering a firm as going concern. Thus, importance of this model has been increased in recent years due to increased financial crisis in the whole world. Major objective of this study is to check the reliability of different prediction theories used to check the solvency power of the firm. It uses the technical penal data for estimating the probability of financial difficulties. This model use the data form G-7 countries in order to obtain a marker of various financial issues that includes the specific nature of every firm. Following Calculation is used under this model- This model is based upon the logit model for predicting various financial variables relating to bankruptcy. This study use the various models to predict the variables, sometimes it become difficult to evaluate the best method prediction. So the common method use in G-7 countries is given below- Z Score = [{3.3 * (EBIT/ Total Assets)} + {1.2* (Net Working Capital / Total Assets)} + {1 * (Sales / Total Assets)} + {0.6 * (Market Value of Equity / Book Value of Debt)} + {1.4 * (Accumulated Retained Earnings / Total Assets)}] This formula is used to evaluate the possibility of the firm to be a going concern entity. While making the calculations, if the result of Z score is less than 2.67 then this indicates chances of firm becoming bankrupt more than 95 % within a year. So the going concern is assumed to be in trouble and auditor is required to qualify his audit report regarding the same. Generally three variables are mostly used under this model- Total Earnings / Total Assets Retained Earnings / Total Assets Total Debt / Total Assets The here above mentioned theory gives the best result of bankruptcy as they relate to profitability and debt of any firm. Conclusion This model is globally used by different countries due to increase in the number of bankruptcies in business. This theory is proved to be reliable as the results of this theory confirms the superiority of global model of bankruptcy as compared to regional models. This theory fulfills the requirement of International Auditing Standards and the principle of going concern. It is the feasible model for evaluating the going concern and to support the auditors opinion regarding going concern. This model has some limitations too as this model barely exist. It covers the firms having financial difficulties but fails to focus on bankrupt firms. This model may provide significantly inappropriate results if it is applied for the time period or the industries other than those which were used to develop the model. Hence, the researchers should be cautious in application of this model. References Alaminos, David, Agustn del Castillo, and Manuel ngel Fernndez. "A Global Model For Bankruptcy Prediction". N.p., 2017. Print. Kuruppu, Nirosh, Fawzi Laswad, and Peter Oyelere. "The Efficacy Of Liquidation And Bankruptcy Prediction Models For Assessing Going Concern".Managerial Auditing Journal6/7 (2003): 577-590. Web.